4^th International Conference on HIV/AIDS, STDs and STIs October 03-05, 2016 Orlando, Florida, USA

Biography:

Dr. NWAKO Okechukwu Francis had his B.Sc in Applied Microbiology(upper credit ) in 2001 and proceeded to Medical School where he graduated in 2009. In 2012, he obtained his M.Sc( Medical Microbiology) and has completed his Ph.D course work in Medical Microbiology with major in Mycology. He hope to complete his research work by 2016. He obtained his Primary in Internal Medicine in 2010 and became a specialist in Internal Medicine in 2015 from the West Africa College of Physicians. He has published several original articles in international journals and has attended several conferences both locally and internationally including the famous HIV/AIDS 2013 organized by OMICS conferences. He has reviewed many articles for British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research and Journal of AIDS.

Abstract:

Biography:

Lamin Ceesay a Gambian and a person living with HIV, I was diagnosed in October 1998. I joined Santa Yalla Support Society in January 1999. I declared my status during World AIDS Day December 2000. I started advocating for universal access to treatment Care and Support for people living with HIV from December 2000 to date.

Abstract:

Introduction:

•                      As a Person living with HIV (PLHIV) I speak frequently in public about the challenges faced by PLHIV. PLHIVs, especially Women and Girls face serious problems of stigma and discrimination. We need to address stigma and discrimination by developing a stigma reduction strategy, demystify ignorance and the fear of AIDS.

•                      I also believe that we PLHIV’s are best placed to stop the further spread of the Virus by disclosing our status and create more awareness among individuals and communities of the need for behavior change. We need to promote correct and consistent use of condoms to prevent the spread of the virus.

•                      Santa Yalla organizes training workshops on HIV for our members to create awareness about positive living for PLHIV. People want to know if I am still having sex and if yes, with whom. They want to know whether my children know my HIV status.

•                      We also conduct community HIV sensitizations meetings. We invite five villages in one forum. We meet with the village chiefs and elders and explain our mission and agreed with the chiefs that each Village should come with two elderly Men, two elderly Women, three boys and three girls, and they will all assemble in the bigger Village in that surrounding, and if the village chiefs agreed we select and agreed on a date for the meeting, and they should announce it to every-body in their communities. After all these we will do a follow up to see if the announcement have reached everyone to attend the meeting, and we will invite the Imam and the Pastor to do the opening prayers to bless the occasion.

•                      After the opening prayers, the introduction is done by the Program Manager, followed by presentation by a PLHIV during which we cover: HIV/AIDS and STIs, HIV counseling & testing, importance of PMTCT, HIV Stigma and Discrimination, Care and Support for PLHIV.

•                      We provide counseling & testing with partners. We do the counselling and our partner provide testing services. Taking this approach, we have made a lot of progress; a high number of people now know their HIV status.

•                      Follow up after testing is also conducted to those who tested positive to support them enroll into care and into the HIV Support Groups.

Conclusion:

For effective response to the HIV & AIDS epidemic, concerted efforts are required and PLHIVs actively participate in the planning, implementation and monitoring of the HIV program.

Biography:

Hernandez Requejo D work in Tropical Medicine Institute in attendance prescribes and research in progression markers and oxidative stress in patient HIV/AIDS with antiretroviral treatment. She has participated in many courses and national and international congress. She has publications in reputed journals.

Abstract:

Background: Infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a major health problem. The functional capacity of the immune system gradually declines with aging.

Objective: To demonstrate that the elderly patients with HIV/AIDS who follow treatment with antiretroviral drugs present a fall in viral load and a rise in the CD4+ T-lymphocytes with this treatment.

Methods: A cross sectional prospective observational study was conducted in 44 HIV/AIDS patients attended in the Medical Services offered by IPK who received treatment with different antiretroviral schemes.

Results: It was observed that there was an average rise of 97 cel per µL in the CD4+ T-lymphocytes, as well as an average fall of 3583 cp/µL in viral load after the antiretroviral treatment.

Conclusions: With this study, we can conclude that there was a rise in CD4+ T-lymphocytes and a fall in the viral load in the elderly patients with HIV/AIDS who followed treatment with antiretroviral drugs, what evidences the immunological reconstitution and virologist control of these patients with the use of antiretroviral therapy.

Biography:

Bayelign Girma Gedamu has completed his Nursing degree at Haramaya University in 2009 and currently a MPH student at Addis Continental Institute of Public Health. He is also working at St. Peter TB Specialized Hospital as a Nursing Coordinator in Clinical Trial on Standardized Treatment Regimen on Anti-tuberculosis drugs for patients with MDR-TB (STREAM).

Abstract:

Background: Adolescents girls (10-19 years) in Ethiopia represent over 45% of total population. Many national and international non-governmental health agencies are running programmers to reduce the incidence of STDs. The larger the age gaps between sexual partners, the greater the likelihood of being STDs and HIV-infected. I can provide an insight to the reproductive and sexual health needs of adolescent’s girls in urban high schools by assessing their knowledge, awareness and practice about these diseases.

Objectives: To assess the knowledge, awareness and practice among adolescents girls regarding sexually transmitted diseases.

Study Design: A descriptive quantitative cross sectional study was conducted at ENTOTO high school adolescent girls. Total of 384 subjects was selected using to phase of selection from February 2014 to April 2014.

Results: All the selected sample students (384) filled the self-administered questionnaire properly. So that non-response rate is zero. Out of 384 (100%) sample students who fill the self-administered questionnaire 306 (79.69%) knows the signs and symptoms of the STDs and 78 (20.31%) did not know about STDs, 336 (87.50%) knows the route of transmission of STDs and rest 48 (12.50%) did not know the route of transmissions. From the total sample, 229 (59.63%) students had history of sexually transmitted infections.

Conclusions: Appropriate health care seeking behavior and information education and communication activities should be promoted to adolescent girls.

Biography:

Dr Dike Chidi Clement is the Medical Officer in-charge at the IMO state polytechnic orlu campus medical Centre, he is also the Medical Director Sancta Maria hospital orlu. He has interests in research and has an MSc in clinical pharmacology.

Abstract:

Human immunodeficiency virus is the causal agent of the dreaded disease AIDS with hundreds of thousands of new cases per year. Infected individuals are faced with a myriad of challenges in a world that is hostile and unsupportive. Amongst the many problem faced by PLWHA is depression. Depression a psychiatric disorder associated low self esteem and a feeling dejection. We found that depression is more common in females with HIV than males. When compared for prevalence, is higher in white females (56%) than black females (34%) have recently emerged as a significant factor in management and prognosis of HIV.

In the medical management of HIV more emphasis is placed on the highly active antiretroviral therapy while bypassing other treatment modalities which might have synergistic effects. This unfortunate scenario is so because there are few established guidelines for identifying and treatment of depression in PLWHA. However further studies would go a long way to improve understand other implicated variable.

Biography:

Ireen Kapaba Silweya has completed BA in Education from University of Zambia and a Diploma in Management for International Public Health from Emory University/SMDP. She is currently pursuing Masters in Leadership and Administration. She has previously managed several projects focusing on HIV and AIDS working with vulnerable groups and communities. She currently also facilitates as a part time Lecture at the University of Zambia, School of Medicine, under the community medicine department. She has previously presented papers on effects of HIV on vulnerable groups (school children etc) at the Global Health Council, Reproductive Health Conference among others. Currently she is the CEO of Barefeet Theatre, Zambia.

Abstract:

Barefeet is a Zambian local NGO working with vulnerable youths on the street and those with potential to get onto the street for various reasons and very exposed to contracting HIV. Barefeet uses and empowers these identified youths with theatre and art skills in a transformative manner in 40 centers working with over 15,000 target audience. The youths then step out into target communities to engage the community members (normally average of 500 per community audience) and through a process participatory performance (PPP) approach using theatre, key messages on HIV are shared with the communities among other themes. The trained youths act as change agents and role models to discuss the HIV issues using creative performance theatre. The youths remain as community creative theatre groups to conduct continuous awareness creation and knowledge providers on HIV/AIDS, STIs and STDs among other health issues. The use of by participatory and creative theatre by Barefeet has proved very effective and has achieved several outcomes including; increased access to testing, access to medical checkups, reduction of stigma, improved community support of the HIV affected and infected community members, especially youths who see the fellow youths performing as role models.

Biography:

Ali Nikfarjam is the Head of Diseases Control and Prevention group at Deputy of Health, Tehran University of Medical Science (TUMS) since 2010. He was the HIV/AIDS/STI Expert in TUMS for five years. He is a Member of research committee in Deputy of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. His professional experience includes epidemiology of communicable disease infection control and outbreak investigation. He is also a Member of hospital infection control committee and research committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

Abstract:

Infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is one of the grave health concerns confronting global public health. According to UNIDS recent statistics, more than 35 million people have died and about 30 million people are currently living with HIV/AIDS. There remains a need to better understand the prognostic factors affecting the long-term survival in patients with HIV/AIDS, particularly in developing countries. We extracted data from 487 patients’ medical records available at a clinic for behavioral diseases in Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The sample included 433 (88.9%) male patients while 54 (11.1%) of the subjects were female. The mean age and related standard deviation of the patients were 39.4 and 11.8 years, respectively. The outcomes of interest were the survival rates of progression to death in AIDS-positive subjects. The effect of several prognostic factors on survival time was investigated. One-year, five-year and ten-year survival rates from time of AIDS diagnosis to death were 91%, 73% and 31%, respectively. Hazard ratio of progression to death in AIDS-positive subjects who were co-infected with tuberculosis was 5.66 (p=0.001) whereas hazard ratio of death from AIDS-related causes was 3.20 in patients who did not receive highly active antiretroviral therapy compared to those who did (p=0.04). Co-infection with tuberculosis was one of the most important prognostic factors of progression of AIDS. Antiretroviral treatment was found to be an effective measure in suppressing HIV viral replication and improving the survival of patients living with AIDS.

Biography:

Abstract:

Background: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) cause devastating sexual and reproductive health complications if poorly treated. Moreover, people with STIs are at higher risk of acquiring or transmitting HIV infection. Thus, programs for the prevention and treatment of STIs remain important elements of HIV prevention programs. World health organization (WHO) recommends 90% of primary point-of-care sites provide comprehensive care for people with STIs by 2015.

Objective: To assess quality of STIs case management and identify its determinant factors.

Methods: Health facility based survey was conducted from May 16 to 26, 2016 in Adama town which is the one of the largest towns in Ethiopia and popular host spot for commercial sex. First, a total of 66 STIs case management service providing units were randomly selected. Thereafter, health care providers working in the units were surveyed employing contextualized WHO tool.

Result: Generally, 62 (94%) providers responded to the interview. 45 (72.6%) of the respondents treated a total of 211 STI cases in a month preceding the survey. Out of 53 (85.5%) providers that responded they use syndromic approach for STI case management, only 29 (54.7%) providers correctly mentioned treatment for urethral discharge syndrome. Receiving no training on national guidelines was found significantly associated with stating incorrect regimen (c²_corrected=6.40; p=0.01). For vaginal discharge syndrome, also, only 20 (37.7%) providers correctly mentioned the treatment. Receiving no training (c²_corrected=14.00; p<0.001), less than 5 days training (Fisher’s exact test p=0.038) and being diploma level profession (c²_corrected=7.85; p=0.005) were found significantly associated with stating incorrect regimen. Concerning genital ulcer syndrome, only 2 (3.8%) providers correctly mentioned the regimen.

Conclusion: Quality of STI case management was poor at health care facilities in Adma town.

Recommendation: Training of health care providers on national guidelines for STI case management for at least five days is one of the mainstays to improve quality of STI case management.

Biography:

Mebratu Mitiku (MSc in CTID M) Coordinator of MSC program in Clinical Tropical I fectious disease Medicine (CTID Med) at University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Sciences Department of Internal Medicine.

Abstract:

Utilization of dual contraceptive methods can reduce both high fertility problem, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the transmission of resistant HIV strain between partners. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence and associated factors of dual contraceptive use among HIV positive women attending care at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. An institutional based cross-sectional study was conducted among women attending at Gondar university hospital. Systematic random sampling technique was employed to recruit 630 participants from July to August, 2013. A pretested and structured questionnaire supplemented with chart review was used to collect data. Data were entered to EPI INFO version 3.5.3 and exported to SPSS version 20 for further analysis. Descriptive statistics was employed. Logistic regression was carried out and odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals were computed to identify associated factors. Dual contraceptive use was found to be 13.2%. Age of the respondents (AOR=0.17; 95% CI=0.04-0.63), counseling from health care providers (AOR=0.26; 95% CI=0.12-0.58) and spousal discussion about dual contraceptive (AOR=19.00; 95% CI=8.32-43.36) were associated with dual contraceptive use. In this hospital dual contraceptive was low. Integration of HIV care follow-up clinic with family planning should be emphasized.

Biography:

Babayemi Oluwaseun Olakunde is an Assistant Chief Program Officer in the programs coordination department of the National Agency for the Control AIDS, Nigeria. He is a Graduate of Medicine and Surgery from Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria and holds a Master’s degree in Public Health from the University of Sheffield. His research interests are in health policy, planning and financing.

Abstract:

The recent insurgence in the Nigeria has contributed to the upsurge in the number of internally displace persons (IDPs) particularly in the Northeast zone. It is estimated that about 2 million persons are internally displaced. Most of these IDPs are sheltered in formal and informal camps in the affected areas. Among other diseases, IDPs are vulnerable to HIV infection. Factors such as sexual and gender-based violence, exploitation, social instability and poverty predispose IDPs to HIV infection. Despite their vulnerability, access to HIV prevention, treatment and care services remains a major gap in many camps. The National Agency for the Control AIDS coordinated the implementation of HCT outreach in three states in the Northeast zone of Nigeria. The 4-day outreach was held simultaneously in 14 camps across the three States (5 in Adamawa, 4 in Borno and 5 in Yobe). The outreach was a single disease approach with focus only on HIV. Incentives such as clothes, food items and toiletries were provided in some camps to enhance uptake. The HCT was done by trained counsellors and testers and services were provided in line with the Nigerian national testing algorithm. All the positive clients were referred for HIV care and treatment. A total of 14,403 IDPs were tested out of which 5,041 (36%) were males and 9002 (64%) were females. Sixty-two (0.4%) IDPs tested positive (Male: 18; Female: 44). The positivity rate among females (0.5%) was higher than males (0.4%). The positivity rates in the camps were lower in comparison with the prevalence rate in the general population (Adamawa: 0.2% vs. 1.9%; Borno: 1% vs. 2.4%; Yobe: 0.3% vs. 5.3%). However these may not be representative of the entire IDP population as these were IDPs that had access to formal camps. There is a need to promote HIV prevention in IDP camps through the minimum prevention package intervention (combination prevention approach) and also ensure linkages to treatment and care for HIV positive IDPs. Enumeration and mapping of locations of IDP camps is imperative to facilitate the smooth provision of these services.

Biography:

Dominique Savio Habimana has completed his MBChB in 2013 from National University of Rwanda, since then he has been appointed in Internal Medicine Department as the Head of Department of HIV and other STIs.

Abstract:

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a serum glycoprotein secreted by the liver in fetal life and by liver tumors, even though not very specific but being the most available and affordable in our settings, it has been used as a predictor of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV and HBV co-infected versus solely HBV infected patients. This study was aiming at assessing the real impact of HIV on the prognosis of HBV infected patients. A random study with neither sex nor age selection was conducted for 50 HIV and HBV co-infected and 50 solely HBV infected patients attending our Internal Medicine Clinic. The findings were: For all co-infected patients, the level of AFP was considerably higher, 6 times than the solely HBV infected patients: 36 HBV and HIV co-infected patients were with remarkably increased AFP level with worse clinical manifestations whereas for the solely HBV infected, only 6 showed AFP level that was above the upper limit with relatively light clinical manifestations; among HIV and HBV co-infected patients, only 4 cleared the HBV infection while for the other part 20 of them cleared.The remaining ones were with dormant, non-active infection. In conclusion; HIV is an accelerator of HBV infection towards hepatocellurar carcinoma as well as liver cirrhosis and bad prognosis in general.

Biography:

Jean-Daniel Ndikumana. I am from Burundi. I left Burundi for Belgium where I got because of my sexual orientation and gender identity my refugee status.

Currently, I work in an association whose objective is the defense, promotion and structuring of secularism in Belgium: the Lay Action Center of the Province of Luxembourg (CAL/Luxembourg). I am committed as leader and I am also in charge of a project aimed at asylum seekers LGBTQI set up by the service Maison Arc-en-Ciel of Lay Action Center of the Province of Luxembourg.

LGBTQI activist in Burundi since 2009, I am a representative of MSM in East Africa AFYA MINORITY and defender of human rights in East Africa and the Horn of Africa.

Abstract:

Immigrants and LGBTI refugees account for a growing proportion of people living with HIV worldwide. This highlights the need to establish equitable services in prevention awareness, treatment and support to immigrants and refugees infected and affected by HIV. Immigrants and LGBTI refugees living with HIV face complex barriers that have a significant impact on their health and well-being as well as their ability to become full citizens. Immigrants and LGBTI refugees living with HIV face complex challenges like trauma inherent in the course of any immigrant; the complexity of the immigration system in the host country; the difficulties of adapting to a new culture; accessibility problems in housing and employment and prejudice and discrimination both within their own cultural community and in society in general. These people also face barriers in terms of access to HIV information, treatment and support; these obstacles are caused by language barriers and other cultural divisions and the lack of medical knowledge and systemic discrimination. All these constraints and obstacles have considerable impact on the health and welfare of these people, as well as their ability to become full citizens. People living with HIV are very afraid that their application be rejected, especially since the HIV test is mandatory for all new entrants who apply for immigration.

Biography:

Calleb Onyango is a master’s student at Maseno University and serves as senior medical laboratory technologist with ministry of health, department of national blood transfusion services of Kenya. He serves in the department of microbiology as analyst of blood pathogens. In addition, he is a team member in strengthening of laboratory management towards accreditation program in improving quality testing at regional blood transfusion center of Kisumu. His research group combines experimental and epidemiological surveillances of key TTI markers among blood donors in western Kenya.

Abstract:

Background: Transfusion Transmissible Infections (TTIs) especially, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and syphilis are among the greatest threat to blood safety for recipients. Globally, up to 3% of HIV infections are transmitted through blood transfusion. In sub-Saharan Africa, about 10% of blood donors are permanently deferred from subsequent donation due to TTIs seropositivity with Kenya recording 5.26% overall prevalence. Although continuous monitoring and reporting on TTIs prevalence among donors is essential for detecting changes in TTIs epidemiology and evaluating donors’ selection criteria to improve blood safety, no comprehensive study has been conducted in western Kenya to determine the prevalence of TTIs and the associated determinants among voluntary donors.

Objective: To determine the seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis and to assess the socio-demographic distribution and risk factors among voluntary blood donors in Homabay, Kisumu and Siaya in western Kenya.

Design: A cross-sectional descriptive study.

Methods: A total of 1200 blood donors aged 16-65 years were recruited by systematic random sampling and their socio-demographic characteristics recorded in a questionnaire. Samples were collected from units of blood donated and tested at Kisumu Regional Blood Transfusion Center for antigens/antibodies to hepatitis B and C virus, HIV-1 and 2 using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay while syphilis antibodies were tested using Rapid Plasma Reagin test. Subsequently, all reactive samples were retested using chemiluminescent immunoassay to confirm reactive test results. Descriptive statistic was used to obtain data for TTIs seroprevalence in subgroups. Chi-square test for independence to test the distribution of socio-demographic variables among the four TTIs markers and multivariate logistic regressions to test the association and statistical significance between selected determinants and tests outcome. All tests were two-tailed and a P-value<0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results: Of the 1200 donors enrolled, 110 (9.2%) had serological evidence of infections with at least one pathogen while 3 (0.25%) had dual infections with HBV being the predominant marker. The overall seroprevalence of HIV, HBV, HCV and syphilis was 1.08%, 3.33%, 3.25% and 1.50% respectively. Correlates independently and significantly associated with HIV infections was gender (male vs. female: Odds Ratio [OR] 1.2; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 0.39-3.71). For HBV infections, the predictors were marital status (single vs. married: OR 1.7; 95% CI 0.73-2.73), risky sexual behavior (>1 partner vs. 0-1 partner: OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.03-7.19). For HCV infections, the predictors were blood transfusion history (transfused vs. non-transfused: OR 3.3; CI 0.73-14.46). For syphilis infections, the predictors were region (Siaya vs. Homabay: OR 1.5; 95% CI 0.50-4.52), age (25-34 vs.15-24 years: OR 2.7; 95% CI 0.61-12.09) and drug use (user vs. non-user: OR 6.3; 95% CI 0.77-51.26).

Conclusion: HIV rate is lower while the rates of syphilis, hepatitis B and C virus remain higher among voluntary donors in western Kenya. Drug use, age, gender, risky sexual behavior and blood transfusion history remain the major predictors of TTIs.

Recommendation: Enhancing donors’ notifications, deferrals and referrals by KNBTS is fundamental in reducing the disease burden and improving safety in the blood donor pool. Similarly, quantification of transfusion-associated syphilis that can be prevented if chemiluminiscent immunoassays were regionally implemented is suggested.

Biography:

Mariangela Cavarelli has completed her PhD in 2007 from University of Milan and Postdoctoral studies from San Raffaele Scientific Institut. She is a Researcher at the Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), France, where she is conducting studies that aim to understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms of HIV transmission through the intestinal mucosa in human and non human primates model. She has published 17 papers in reputed journals and is serving as an Editorial Board Member for Frontiers in Immunology.

Abstract:

HIV infection frequently occurs through colorectal mucosa where mononuclear phagocytes (MP), comprising dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (Mf) are among the first target cells. We showed that colonic lamina propria CD11c+DCSIGN+CD68- cells sample luminal R5 HIV through an env-CCR5 interaction, a mechanism exploited by HIV to bypass the intact epithelial barrier. These data raise the question on which MP subset is mediating infection and thus, which may be the definitive fate of the virus. We used multicolor flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and ex vivo explant culture of colorectal mucosa to define MP distribution and their susceptibility to HIV/SIV infection and tissue samples from healthy human donors and Cynomolgus macaques. CD64 allowed to differentiating colonic DC (CD11c+CD64-) and Mf (CD11c+CD64+). Three subset of DC were identified on the basis of CD103 and CX3CR1 expression. The totality of colonic Mf was CX3CR1+ while about 50% expressed the CD163. Interestingly, CCR5 was preferentially expressed by the CD11c+CX3CR1+ cells, which support their involvement in active sampling of HIV and in transmission of infection in situ. In support of this, CD11c+CX3CR1+ but not CD103+ cells penetrated the intestinal epithelium following ex vivo R5 HIV-1 stimulation. Furthermore, only SIVmac but not SIVagm strains attract LP CD11c+ cells at intra-epithelial level, suggesting a role in the pathogenesis of the infection. In conclusion we outlined new findings concerning the phenotype and function of intestinal MP and discuss the relative contribution of different subsets of DC and Mf in the early events of HIV transmission at mucosal sites.

Biography:

Vladimir Zajac has completed his PhD. in 1982 at the Cancer Research Institute of        Slovak Academy of Sciences in Bratislava (Slovakia), where he worked as the Head of Department of Cancer Genetics from 1996 to 2010. He joined the Medical Faculty of the Comenius University as Associate Professor of Genetics in 2007. He has published 70 papers mostly in reputed journals and he was editor of the book „Bacteria, viruses and parasites in AIDS process“ (InTech, 2011). 

Abstract:

There is an increasing evidence, pointing out that GIT and other mucosal tissue, and not the blood, are the main places of HIV infection and CD4+T cells loss. These findings go along with the new studies about the role of bacterial translocation in the gut as central driver of AIDS pathogenesis It is demonstrate clearly that bacteria can induce in the gut and the vagina transcription of silenced genes, including HIV-1 provirus. The HIV-1 has been also detected in the bowel crypt cells and lamina propria.  We have identified HIV-like sequences and HIV-like proteins in bacteria and yeast in a cohort of 80 HIV positive patients from: a)  intestinal tract of American and Slovak HIV-positive patients; b) respiratory tract of Cambodian and Kenyan HIV-positive children. Detected sequences were for 90% homologous with the corresponding sequences of HIV-1. Using monoclonal antibodies (MAB) against HIV-1 antigens p17, p24, gp41 and p55 we have identified HIV-like proteins in bacterial extracts of most tested patients. HIV-like  protein of size 95 kDa was detected by MAB against HIV-1 gp120 in Candida species of all Cambodian and Kenyan samples. Specific properties of patient´s microbiota was found by cocultivation with HL-60 cells and significant reducing the viral load in a cohort of AIDS patients after administration of probiotics E. coli Nissle 1917 as well. From these results it can be hypothesized that bacteria and yeasts may act as a natural host of the sequence of HIV from the beginning of mankind. Throughout a series of epidemics, most individuals harboring many pathogenic microbes with HIV sequences excite. This tremendous longtime „sanitary process“ - continued until the eighteenth century - took place mainly in Europe, Asia and North Africa. However, administration of antibiotics, drugs and anal intercourse induced intestinal dysbiosis and pathogenic bacteria were re-propagated. When pathogenic microbes bearing HIV sequences moved to the majority, penetrated from the intestinal tract into the blood, infected/lysed lymphocytes and started the process of immunodeficiency. Presented hypothesis answered many until now unanswered questions: origin of HIV, connection of AIDS with TBC in Africa, absence of „gold standard“ in Africa, the presence of HIV reservoirs after antiretroviral therapy, the rarity of complete viral particles detection in the material from AIDS patients. According to our results there is a strong objection again dogma that HIV was transmitted to humans from apes in Africa about 35-50 years ago on the route of accidental contacts. On the basis of evolutionary process we submit proposals for an explanation of one of the most serious problems concerning this disease, which is a large-scale HIV positive in Africa.